GQL is the standardized query language for graph databases, published by ISO/IEC in April 2024 as:
Ultipa now supports most GQL features. This page claims the GQL conformance.
Conformance to Required Features
Following the GQL standard subclause 24.2, Ultipa’s support of the data model and mandatory GQL features is declared as follows.
Data Model
Ultipa claims conformance to:
- Graph Type Support: Graph with a closed graph type [1] (Feature GG02) that supports the following features and more:
- Explicit element type names (Feature GG20)
- Optional element type key label sets (Feature GG23)
- Unicode Compliance: Version 13 of The Unicode Standard.
- Property Value Type Support: Mandatory property value types
string,bool,int,floatand other optional ones.
[1] A graph that has a constraining graph type is said to be closed. A closed graph cannot contain nodes and edges that are of node types and edge types that are not specified in the graph’s constraining graph type.
Mandatory Features
Mandatory features are not assigned Feature IDs and Feature Names, unlike the optional features. Therefore, we reference them by their corresponding subclause numbers and titles as specified in the GQL standard:
Subclause |
Title |
Support |
Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | Session management | No | SESSION SET, SESSION RESET, SESSION CLOSE |
| 8 | Transaction management | No | START TRANSACTION, ROLLBACK, COMMIT |
| 11 | Object expressions | No | CURRENT_GRAPH |
| 14.4 | <match statement> | Yes | MATCH, OPTIONAL MATCH |
| 14.9 | <order by and page statement> | Yes | ORDER BY |
| 14.10 | <primitive result statement> | Yes | |
| 14.11 | <return statement> | Yes | RETURN |
| 14.12 | <select statement> | No | SELECT |
| 16.1 | <at schema clause> | No | |
| 16.3 | <graph pattern binding table> | Yes | |
| 16.4 | <graph pattern> | Yes | |
| 16.5 | <insert graph pattern> | Yes | |
| 16.7 | <path pattern expression> | Yes | |
| 16.8 | <label expression> | Yes | |
| 16.9 | <path variable reference> | Yes | |
| 16.10 | <element variable reference> | Yes | |
| 16.13 | <where clause> | Yes | WHERE |
| 16.14 | <yield clause> | Yes | YIELD |
| 16.16 | <order by clause> | Yes | ORDER BY |
| 16.17 | <sort specification list> | Yes | ASC, DESC |
| 19.3 | <comparison predicate> | Yes | =, <>, <, >, <=, >= |
| 19.4 | <exists predicate> | Yes | EXIST |
| 19.5 | <null predicate> | Yes | IS NULL, IS NOT NULL |
| 19.7 | <normalized predicate> | Yes | IS NORMALIZED, IS NOT NORMALIZED |
| 20.2 | <value expression primary> | Yes | |
| 20.3 | <value specification> | Yes | Ultipa does not support SESSION_USER |
| 20.7 | <case expression> | Yes | CASE, NULLIF, COALESCE |
| 20.9 | <aggregate function> | Yes | avg(), count(), max(), min(), sum() |
| 20.11 | <property reference> | Yes | Property reference of a graph element. |
| 20.20 | <boolean value expression> | Yes | AND, OR, NOT |
| 20.21 | <numeric value expression> | Yes | +, -, *, / |
| 20.22 | <numeric value function> | Yes | char_length(), character_length() |
| 20.23 | <string value expression> | Yes | String concatenation operator || |
| 20.24 | <character string function> | Yes | left(), right(), upper(), lower(), normalize() |
| 20.25 | <byte string function> | No | left(), right() |
| 20.29 | <duration value function> | No | duration() |
| 21.1 | Names and variables | Yes | |
| 21.2 | <literal> | Yes |
Conformance to Optional Features
Standard-defined optional GQL features are referenced by a Feature ID that comprises a letter “G” and three digits, and a Feature Name.
G
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | G002 | Different-edges match mode | Yes | DIFFERENT EDGES, the default match mode. |
| 2 | G003 | Explicit REPEATABLE ELEMENTS keyword | Yes | REPEATABLE ELEMENTS |
| 3 | G004 | Path variables | Yes | |
| 4 | G005 | Path search prefix in a path pattern | Yes | Also see Features G007, G014 to G020. |
| 5 | G006 | Graph pattern KEEP clause: path mode prefix | No | |
| 6 | G007 | Graph pattern KEEP clause: path search prefix | No | |
| 7 | G010 | Explicit WALK keyword | No | |
| 8 | G011 | Advanced path modes: TRAIL | Yes | TRAIL, the default path mode. |
| 9 | G012 | Advanced path modes: SIMPLE | No | |
| 10 | G013 | Advanced path modes: ACYCLIC | No | |
| 11 | G014 | Explicit PATH/PATHS keywords | No | |
| 12 | G015 | All path search: explicit ALL keyword | Yes | ALL |
| 13 | G016 | Any path search | Yes | ANY, ANY k |
| 14 | G017 | All shortest path search | Yes | ALL SHORTEST |
| 15 | G018 | Any shortest path search | Yes | ANY SHORTEST |
| 16 | G019 | Counted shortest path search | Yes | SHORTEST k |
| 17 | G020 | Counted shortest group search | Yes | SHORTEST k GROUP |
| 18 | G030 | Path multiset alternation | No | |
| 19 | G031 | Path multiset alternation: variable length path operands | No | |
| 20 | G032 | Path pattern union | No | |
| 21 | G033 | Path pattern union: variable length path operands | No | |
| 22 | G035 | Quantified paths | Yes | |
| 23 | G036 | Quantified edges | Yes | |
| 24 | G037 | Questioned paths | No | |
| 25 | G038 | Parenthesized path pattern expression | Yes | Also see Features G048 to G051. |
| 26 | G039 | Simplified path pattern expression: full defaulting | No | Also see Features G080 to G082. |
| 27 | G041 | Non-local element pattern predicates | Yes | |
| 28 | G043 | Complete full edge patterns | Yes | Edges in Ultipa are directed. |
| 29 | G044 | Basic abbreviated edge patterns | Yes | Edges in Ultipa are directed. |
| 30 | G045 | Complete abbreviated edge patterns | Yes | Edges in Ultipa are directed. |
| 31 | G046 | Relaxed topological consistency: adjacent vertex patterns | Yes | Currently only supports quantified path patterns. |
| 32 | G047 | Relaxed topological consistency: concise edge patterns | Yes | |
| 33 | G048 | Parenthesized path pattern: subpath variable declaration | No | |
| 34 | G049 | Parenthesized path pattern: path mode prefix | No | |
| 35 | G050 | Parenthesized path pattern: WHERE clause | No | |
| 36 | G051 | Parenthesized path pattern: non-local predicates | No | |
| 37 | G060 | Bounded graph pattern quantifiers | Yes | {m,n}, {m}, {,n} |
| 38 | G061 | Unbounded graph pattern quantifiers | Yes | {m,}, *, + |
| 39 | G074 | Label expression: wildcard label | No | Ultipa does not support empty label set. |
| 40 | G080 | Simplified path pattern expression: basic defaulting | No | |
| 41 | G081 | Simplified path pattern expression: full overrides | No | |
| 42 | G082 | Simplified path pattern expression: basic overrides | No | |
| 43 | G100 | ELEMENT_ID function | Yes | Returns the _uuid values of the graph elements. |
| 44 | G110 | IS DIRECTED predicate | No | |
| 45 | G111 | IS LABELED predicate | No | |
| 46 | G112 | IS SOURCE and IS DESTINATION predicate | Yes | |
| 47 | G113 | ALL_DIFFERENT predicate | Yes | |
| 48 | G114 | SAME predicate | Yes | |
| 49 | G115 | PROPERTY_EXISTS predicate | Yes |
GA
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 | GA01 | IEEE 754 floating point operations | Yes | |
| 51 | GA03 | Explicit ordering of nulls | Yes | NULLS FIRST, NULLS LAST |
| 52 | GA04 | Universal comparison | Yes | |
| 53 | GA05 | Cast specification | Yes | |
| 54 | GA06 | Value type predicate | No | |
| 55 | GA07 | Ordering by discarded binding variables | Yes | |
| 56 | GA08 | GQL-status objects with diagnostic records | No | |
| 57 | GA09 | Comparison of paths | Yes |
GB
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 58 | GB01 | Long identifiers | Yes | |
| 59 | GB02 | Double minus sign comments | Yes | -- |
| 60 | GB03 | Double solidus comments | Yes | // |
GC
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 61 | GC01 | Graph schema management | No | |
| 62 | GC02 | Graph schema management: IF [ NOT ] EXISTS | No | |
| 63 | GC03 | Graph type: IF [ NOT ] EXISTS | No | |
| 64 | GC04 | Graph management | Yes | CREATE GRAPH, DROP GRAPH |
| 65 | GC05 | Graph management: IF [ NOT ] EXISTS | No |
GD
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 66 | GD01 | Updatable graphs | Yes | INSERT, SET, and DELETE. REMOVE is not yet supported while its functionality can be achieved with SET. |
| 67 | GD02 | Graph label set changes | No | The label of a graph element cannot be modified. |
| 68 | GD03 | DELETE statement: subquery support | No | |
| 69 | GD04 | DELETE statement: simple expression support | No |
GE
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 70 | GE01 | Graph reference value expressions | No | |
| 71 | GE02 | Binding table reference value expressions | No | |
| 72 | GE03 | Let-binding of variables in expressions | Yes | |
| 73 | GE04 | Graph parameters | No | |
| 74 | GE05 | Binding table parameters | No | |
| 75 | GE06 | Path value construction | Yes | || |
| 76 | GE07 | Boolean XOR | Yes | XOR |
| 77 | GE08 | Reference parameters | No | |
| 78 | GE09 | Horizontal aggregation | No |
GF
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 79 | GF01 | Enhanced numeric functions | Yes | abs(), mod(), floor(), ceil(), squrt |
| 80 | GF02 | Trigonometric functions | Yes | sin(), cos(), tan(), cot(), sinh(), cosh(), tanh(), asin(), acos(), atan(), degrees(), radians() |
| 81 | GF03 | Logarithmic functions | Yes | log(), log10(), ln(), exp(), power(). |
| 82 | GF04 | Enhanced path functions | Yes | elements(), path_length() |
| 83 | GF05 | Multi-character TRIM function | Yes | btrim(), ltrim(), rtrim() |
| 84 | GF06 | Explicit TRIM function | Yes | trim() |
| 85 | GF07 | Byte string TRIM function | No | |
| 86 | GF10 | Advanced aggregate functions: general set functions | Yes | collect_list(), stddev_pop(), stddev_samp() |
| 87 | GF11 | Advanced aggregate functions: binary set functions | Yes | percentile_cont(), percentile_disc() |
| 88 | GF12 | CARDINALITY function | Yes | cardinality() |
| 89 | GF13 | SIZE function | Yes | size() |
| 90 | GF20 | Aggregate functions in sort keys | No |
GG
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 91 | GG01 | Graph with an open graph type | Yes | |
| 92 | GG02 | Graph with a closed graph type | Yes | |
| 93 | GG03 | Graph type inline specification | Yes | |
| 94 | GG04 | Graph type like a graph | No | |
| 95 | GG05 | Graph from a graph source | No | |
| 96 | GG20 | Explicit element type names | Yes | |
| 97 | GG21 | Explicit element type key label sets | No | |
| 98 | GG22 | Element type key label set inference | No | |
| 99 | GG23 | Optional element type key label sets | Yes | The key label set of an element type is :<element type name>. |
| 100 | GG24 | Relaxed structural consistency | Yes | |
| 101 | GG25 | Relaxed key label set uniqueness for edge types | No | |
| 102 | GG26 | Relaxed property value type consistency | Yes |
GH
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 103 | GH01 | External object references | No | |
| 104 | GH02 | Undirected edge patterns | No |
GL
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 105 | GL01 | Hexadecimal literals | No | E.g., OxFF (255). |
| 106 | GL02 | Octal literals | No | E.g., 0o17 (15). |
| 107 | GL03 | Binary literals | No | E.g., 0b10000000 (128). |
| 108 | GL04 | Exact number in common notation without suffix | Yes | A decimal like .3 is not supported. |
| 109 | GL05 | Exact number in common notation or as decimal integer with suffix | Yes | E.g., 12.3M (12). |
| 110 | GL06 | Exact number in scientific notation with suffix | Yes | E.g., 1.23E3 (1230). |
| 111 | GL07 | Approximate number in common notation or as decimal integer with suffix | No | E.g., 3.14F (3.14 as a float), 1D (1 as a double value). |
| 112 | GL08 | Approximate number in scientific notation with suffix | No | E.g., 1.23e3F (1230 as a float value). |
| 113 | GL09 | Optional float number suffix | No | F |
| 114 | GL10 | Optional double number suffix | No | D |
| 115 | GL11 | Opt-out character escaping | No | |
| 116 | GL12 | SQL datetime and interval formats | Yes | Only SQL datetime formats are supported. |
GP
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 117 | GP01 | Inline procedure | Yes | CALL Subqueries |
| 118 | GP02 | Inline procedure with implicit nested variable scope | Yes | |
| 119 | GP03 | Inline procedure with explicit nested variable scope | Yes | |
| 120 | GP04 | Named procedure calls | Yes | CALL Procedures |
| 121 | GP05 | Procedure-local value variable definitions | No | |
| 122 | GP06 | Procedure-local value variable definitions: value variables based on simple expressions | No | |
| 123 | GP07 | Procedure-local value variable definitions: value variable based on subqueries | No | |
| 124 | GP08 | Procedure-local binding table variable definitions | No | |
| 125 | GP09 | Procedure-local binding table variable definitions: binding table variables based on simple expressions or references | No | |
| 126 | GP10 | Procedure-local binding table variable definitions: binding table variables based on subqueries | No | |
| 127 | GP11 | Procedure-local graph variable definitions | No | |
| 128 | GP12 | Procedure-local graph variable definitions: graph variables based on simple expressions or references | No | |
| 129 | GP13 | Procedure-local graph variable definitions: graph variables based on subqueries | No | |
| 130 | GP14 | Binding tables as procedure arguments | No | |
| 131 | GP15 | Graphs as procedure arguments | No | |
| 132 | GP16 | AT schema clause | No | |
| 133 | GP17 | Binding variable definition block | No | |
| 134 | GP18 | Catalog and data statement mixing | Yes |
GQ
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 135 | GQ01 | USE graph clause | No | |
| 136 | GQ02 | Composite query: OTHERWISE | Yes | OTHERWISE |
| 137 | GQ03 | Composite query: UNION | Yes | UNION |
| 138 | GQ04 | Composite query: EXCEPT DISTINCT | Yes | EXCEPT DISTINCT |
| 139 | GQ05 | Composite query: EXCEPT ALL | Yes | EXCEPT ALL |
| 140 | GQ06 | Composite query: INTERSECT DISTINCT | Yes | INTERSECT DISTINCT |
| 141 | GQ07 | Composite query: INTERSECT ALL | Yes | INTERSECT ALL |
| 142 | GQ08 | FILTER statement | Yes | FILTER |
| 143 | GQ09 | LET statement | Yes | LET |
| 144 | GQ10 | FOR statement: list value support | Yes | |
| 145 | GQ11 | FOR statement: WITH ORDINALITY | Yes | WITH ORDINALITY |
| 146 | GQ12 | ORDER BY and page statement: OFFSET clause | Yes | SKIP |
| 147 | GQ13 | ORDER BY and page statement: LIMIT clause | Yes | LIMIT |
| 148 | GQ14 | Complex expressions in sort keys | No | |
| 149 | GQ15 | GROUP BY clause | Yes | GROUP BY |
| 150 | GQ16 | Pre-projection aliases in sort keys | Yes | |
| 151 | GQ17 | Element-wise group variable operations | Yes | |
| 152 | GQ18 | Scalar subqueries | No | |
| 153 | GQ19 | Graph pattern YIELD clause | Yes | YIELD |
| 154 | GQ20 | Advanced linear composition with NEXT | Yes | NEXT |
| 155 | GQ21 | OPTIONAL: Multiple MATCH statements | Yes | |
| 156 | GQ22 | EXISTS predicate: multiple MATCH statements | Yes | |
| 157 | GQ23 | FOR statement: binding table support | Yes | |
| 158 | GQ24 | FOR statement: WITH OFFSET | Yes | WITH OFFSET |
GS
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 159 | GS01 | SESSION SET command: session-local graph parameters | No | |
| 160 | GS02 | SESSION SET command: session-local binding table parameters | No | |
| 161 | GS03 | SESSION SET command: session-local value parameters | No | |
| 162 | GS04 | SESSION RESET command: reset all characteristics | No | |
| 163 | GS05 | SESSION RESET command: reset session schema | No | |
| 164 | GS06 | SESSION RESET command: reset session graph | No | |
| 165 | GS07 | SESSION RESET command: reset time zone displacement | No | |
| 166 | GS08 | SESSION RESET command: reset all session parameters | No | |
| 167 | GS10 | SESSION SET command: session-local binding table parameters based on subqueries | No | |
| 168 | GS11 | SESSION SET command: session-local value parameters based on subqueries | No | |
| 169 | GS12 | SESSION SET command: session-local graph parameters based on simple expressions or references | No | |
| 170 | GS13 | SESSION SET command: session-local binding table parameters based on simple expressions or references | No | |
| 171 | GS14 | SESSION SET command: session-local value parameters based on simple expressions | No | |
| 172 | GS15 | SESSION SET command: set time zone displacement | No | |
| 173 | GS16 | SESSION RESET command: reset individual session parameters | No |
GT
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 174 | GT01 | Explicit transaction commands | No | |
| 175 | GT02 | Specified transaction characteristics | No | |
| 176 | GT03 | Use of multiple graphs in a transaction | No |
GV
Feature ID |
Feature Name |
Support |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 177 | GV01 | 8 bit unsigned integer numbers | No | |
| 178 | GV02 | 8 bit signed integer numbers | No | |
| 179 | GV03 | 16 bit unsigned integer numbers | No | |
| 180 | GV04 | 16 bit signed integer numbers | No | |
| 181 | GV05 | Small unsigned integer numbers | No | |
| 182 | GV06 | 32 bit unsigned integer numbers | Yes | uint32 |
| 183 | GV07 | 32 bit signed integer numbers | Yes | int32 |
| 184 | GV08 | Regular unsigned integer numbers | No | |
| 185 | GV09 | Specified integer number precision | No | |
| 186 | GV10 | Big unsigned integer numbers | No | |
| 187 | GV11 | 64 bit unsigned integer numbers | Yes | uint64 |
| 188 | GV12 | 64 bit signed integer numbers | Yes | uint64 |
| 189 | GV13 | 128 bit unsigned integer numbers | No | |
| 190 | GV14 | 128 bit signed integer numbers | No | |
| 191 | GV15 | 256 bit unsigned integer numbers | No | |
| 192 | GV16 | 256 bit signed integer numbers | No | |
| 193 | GV17 | Decimal numbers | Yes | decimal |
| 194 | GV18 | Small signed integer numbers | No | |
| 195 | GV19 | Big signed integer numbers | No | |
| 196 | GV20 | 16 bit floating point numbers | No | |
| 197 | GV21 | 32 bit floating point numbers | Yes | float |
| 198 | GV22 | Specified floating point number precision | No | |
| 199 | GV23 | Floating point type name synonyms | Yes | double |
| 200 | GV24 | 64 bit floating point numbers | Yes | double |
| 201 | GV25 | 128 bit floating point numbers | No | |
| 202 | GV26 | 256 bit floating point numbers | No | |
| 203 | GV30 | Specified character string minimum length | No | |
| 204 | GV31 | Specified character string maximum length | Yes | string |
| 205 | GV32 | Specified character string fixed length | No | |
| 206 | GV35 | Byte string types | No | |
| 207 | GV36 | Specified byte string minimum length | No | |
| 208 | GV37 | Specified byte string maximum length | No | |
| 209 | GV38 | Specified byte string fixed length | No | |
| 210 | GV39 | Temporal types: date, local datetime and local time support | Yes | timestamp |
| 211 | GV40 | Temporal types: zoned datetime and zoned time support | Yes | datetime |
| 212 | GV41 | Temporal types: duration support | No | |
| 213 | GV45 | Record types | Yes | Contains at least one of Feature GV46 and Feature GV47. |
| 214 | GV46 | Closed record types | Yes | RECORD |
| 215 | GV47 | Open record types | No | |
| 216 | GV48 | Nested record types | Yes | RECORD |
| 217 | GV50 | List value types | Yes | LIST |
| 218 | GV55 | Path value types | Yes | PATH |
| 219 | GV60 | Graph reference value types | No | |
| 220 | GV61 | Binding table reference value types | No | |
| 221 | GV65 | Dynamic union types | Yes | Contains at least one of Feature GV66 and Feature GV67. |
| 222 | GV66 | Open dynamic union types | Yes | LIST |
| 223 | GV67 | Closed dynamic union types | No | |
| 224 | GV68 | Dynamic property value types | No | |
| 225 | GV70 | Immaterial value types | Yes | |
| 226 | GV71 | Immaterial value types: null type support | Yes | null |
| 227 | GV72 | Immaterial value types: empty type support | Yes | null |
| 228 | GV90 | Explicit value type nullability | No |